Information About Cervical Cancer

When cells in an area of body grow abnormally, cancer can develop. Cervical cancer is abnormal cell growth in the cervix. The cervix is the part of the uterus that connects the upper part of the uterus (the womb). Cervical cancer is a serious condition that can be life threatening. It begins when women becomes infected with certain types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV). If the immune system does not clear the infection, normal cells can begin to grow abnormally and turn into precancerous lesions. If not discovered early and treated, this abnormal cell growth can become cancer. Most often this can take a number of years, although in rare cases it can happen within a year.
Women who have been infected with certain types of HPV and have not been to clear the virus can get cervical cancer and pre-cancer. About half of all females diagnosed with cervical cancer are between 35 and 55 years old. Many of these women were most likely exposed to cancer causing HPV type during their teens and 20's. Most of the women who get cervical cancer may have never had a Pap test.
HPV is a common virus that affects both females and males. There are more than 100 types of the virus. Most types of HPV do not cause any symptoms, are harmless and are cleared. About 30 types of HPV are known as genital HPV since they affect the genital area. Some types can cause cervical cancer or abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix that could turn into cancer. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts and benign (noncancerous) changes in the cervix. HPV has also been linked to other rare disease including vaginal and vulvar cancer, as well as RRP (recurrent respiratory papillomatosis), a disease of the throat that makes breathing difficult. Because people who have HPV may not show any sign or symptoms, they can transmit the virus without even knowing it. Anyone who has sexual activity involving genital contact could get genital HPV, even if there is no sexual intercourse.
Because HPV usually has no sign or symptoms, most people infected with HPV don't know they have it. Most HPV infections are first discovered as a result of abnormal Pap test. A Pap test is part of a gynecological exam and helps detect abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix before they have the chance to become pre-cancer or cervical cancer. Many cervical pre-cancers (changes that could lead to cancer) are related to HPV and can be treated successfully if detected early. That's why early detection is so important.

Bardnurz Sham, a young nutritionist who devote his daily activities to food and nutritional science. Doesn't believe in chemical base source of food which contain preservative, coloring and acid base foods. Write an article to educate people so that they can improve their life by eat well and have a wonderful life.

Fear or Fact? Cervical Cancer and the HPV Vaccine

Unless you've been living in isolation for the past 1 - 2 years, you would have found it almost impossible to avoid hearing about the risk of cervical cancer, and the two new HPV (Human Papillomavirus) vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) that have now been introduced as a prevention strategy against this disease.

In a revolutionary age where media campaigning has tremendous power and potential to infiltrate thinking and ideas on national and global scales, distinguishing fact from emotion becomes a confronting, yet subtle dilemma.

The platform for the introduction of these 2 new HPV vaccines onto the worldwide market has been on the basis of the threat and risk of cervical cancer, and has presented the same dilemma to potential recipients of these vaccines.

The problem is, although facts are a far more logical basis on which to make such a decision, emotion is often a far more powerful motivator for action or compliance in situations where health is the prime factor. And in this situation, the fear of cervical cancer has formed a very solid basis for the HPV vaccine campaigns.

There's certainly no question that cervical cancer disease 'can'' and 'does' have serious (sometimes fatal) outcomes. However equally so, 'any''medical procedure, artificial drug, pharmaceutical product or vaccine by its very nature also carries with it varying degrees of risk - both temporary and permanent. This includes the HPV vaccines.

The unfortunate truth is that the bulk of media campaigning and information disseminated to the public has avoided, disguised or cleverly side-stepped pointing out the facts and health risks associated with the actual vaccines, which to date have included (but are not limited to): loss of consciousness, paralysis, Guillain Barre Syndrome, hospitalisation, permanent disability and death.

The questions any female or parent (of daughters) considering this vaccine needs to ask themselves are these:

• 'Is' cervical cancer as widespread and as serious a health risk as portrayed in media campaigns and by our health authorities?
• Is it merely coincidence that solid media campaigns against cervical cancer disease have been hand-in-hand with the introduction of these vaccines?
• Have all the facts regarding all the risks of both the disease and the vaccine been accurately revealed?

The challenge for any potential recipient, is in identifying the true facts about the risk of cervical cancer versus the associated risks and benefits of the vaccine. Unfortunately, many recipients of these vaccines have based their decision on limited information provided in media campaigning that has ignored 'all' the facts - resulting in decisions made on emotion rather than sound logical judgment.

Tragically in many cases, the associated health risks of the vaccine has resulted in more devastating and irreversible outcomes than an actual cervical cancer diagnosis. As challenging as it might be, you owe it to yourself to research the facts before deciding whether or not these vaccines are of benefit, and whether these benefits outweigh any potential risks.

By basing your decision on fact, not fear, - your decision will be an informed one, and the one that's right for you in your individual situation. Whatever you decide, make it an informed one.

Cervical Cancer and Infertility

Cervical cancer does not necessarily mean that you will become infertile but the odds are extremely high. This is not an easy concept to come to terms with, even for women who have gone through menopause or who have made up their minds to never have children. The enforced, involuntary removal of the womb is a very final act beyond which there is no going back. The ability to decide for oneself is taken away. It may even feel as though one's womanhood is being stolen, especially if one's identity is bound more in one's physicality than one's spiritual and psychological being. Many women find that if they allow themselves to grieve, as for the death of a loved one, it helps them to make sense of the loss and to integrate the experience into their sense of self.

Some pre-cancer treatments can adversely affect your fertility, the cone biopsy for example. There is a small chance that the cervix can close very tightly after a cone biopsy procedure, so tightly that sperm isn't able to enter it. This condition is known as cervical stenosis. If you are still able to menstruate after the cone biopsy then you don't have complete cervical stenosis, if the womb lining can get out, sperm can get in. Women who have had cone biopsies are also more likely to give birth before 37 weeks, their babies are more likely to have a low birth weight and they are more likely to give birth by caesarian section. The increased risk of early birth is because the cone biopsy weakens the cervix, which is really a muscle that keeps the entrance to the womb closed. If the cervix has been weakened, the weight of the baby pressing down on the cervix may cause it to open too soon and induce labour. This can be prevented by your doctor giving you a "running stitch" to hold it shut. Your doctor may be more technical and call it a purse string suture; the suture is cut before you go into labour, at around 37 weeks.

LLETZ stands for large loop excision of the transformation zone, and has roughly the same effects as cone biopsies i.e. early birth, low birth weight and increased caesarian sections. It is also more likely to rupture membranes. In a review it was revealed that the amount of cervical tissue removed had an impact on the risk of early birth etc. If the excision was more than 10mm deep then the risk for early birth increased. Laser therapy, cryotherapy and diathermy are unlikely to affect your fertility.

If you are already pregnant when the abnormal cells are discovered your doctor will not recommend a cone biopsy unless he or she suspects that there is cervical cancer. The biopsy could weaken the cervix and result in a miscarriage. You may, however, undergo a colposcopy. It's perfectly safe and won't affect your delivery, or your chances of falling pregnant again. Usually treatment for pre-cancerous cells is scheduled for after you've given birth, when you and the baby are out of danger.

When you actually have cancer and have to go for treatment your chances of infertility are increased as the treatment becomes more aggressive and invasive. Chemotherapy causes infertility although for some people the effects are only temporary. The permanence of chemo's infertility depends on the drugs used, the dosages, whether a combination of drugs is used as a combination is more likely to result in infertility, the age of the patient and the general health of the patient. If you are still young and have your heart set on having children it may be possible to choose a chemotherapy that will least affect your fertility, but it also depends on the circumstances.

Radiotherapy is given directly to the affected area, so it would be aimed directly at the pelvic area and cervix. This can obviously lead to infertility and is more likely to be permanent. The risk is increased with the strength of the dose and the increased age of the patient. Total body irradiation will usually cause permanent infertility and only a very rare few will go on to have children afterwards.

Surgery to remove cancer does not generally affect fertility, however in the case of cervical cancer where it might be necessary to have the womb or ovaries removed, infertility is an inevitable consequence. Some types of surgery to the cervix, vagina and vulva also result in infertility.

Cervical cancer is not a death sentence; in fact it is one of the most curable cancers around. It is ironic, however, in that for many women it does mean the end of life, or at least the end of the continuation of life, the end of progeny. For many women this in itself is a death sentence. They need support and love to help them through this very difficult time and to enable them to see that they still have so much to offer the world. A woman can be a whole woman on her own terms and she can decide those terms for herself. Sometimes all she needs is a little help to be able to see that.

Understanding Cervical Cancer and Its Deadly Consequences

Besides breast cancer, cervical cancer can be considered the next most prominent type of cancer. Most cancers are malignant, which means deadly. This particular one too, is malignant. Ever heard of pap smear tests? They have a lot to do with cervical cancer. But there is more on that later on.

Understanding the cancer is quite a quest. It is a kind of abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in the cervix (near your hips area). The cervix is more accurately described as the lower portion of the uterus that connects the upper vagina to the uterus. 'Human papillomavirus' or 'HPV' is the virus responsible for this whole cervical issue. It is a common virus that infects about half of the population at some point of their lives. If the immune system does not clear up the infection, normal cells can begin to grow abnormally and turn into 'pre' cancerous lesions. This is how the cancer begins and works.

There are many causes and risk factors. 'HPV' can be sexually transmitted during intercourse. There are different strains of 'HPV' and some strains cause genital warts. While these genital warts do not lead to cervical cancer, other strains are considered "high risk" for cervical cancer by causing changes in the cells covering the cervix. However, it is worth nothing that not all women infected by 'HPV' will develop the cancer, as other factors will come into play such as smoking, medical illnesses that reduces immunity, early sexual activity in life (increases risk of sexually transmitted diseases), women who have multiple sex partners and lack of awareness of regular pap or cervical smart test. These other factors will cause cervical cancer too, not only 'HPV'

How Cervical Cancer Works and Why You Should Read This

Cervical cancer is the abnormal growth of tissues near the cervix. Hence, its name is so. Listed and discussed in this article are the warning signs and screenings for cervical cancer. Be aware that cervical cancer is as dangerous as the popular and common breast cancer. Cervical cancer is mostly caused by sexual intercourse. It can be considered as a direct effect of sexually transmitted diseases.

Early cervical cancers are usually asymptomatic. This means that they do not present any symptoms as it takes years for the cancerous cells to grow. Infections and other health problems can also present similar symptoms. So, it is best to check with an obstetrician and gynaecologist to rule out any possible health issues and receive the appropriate treatment as early as possible.

The most common symptom of cervical cancer is bleeding from the vagina at times other than when you are having a period. You may have bleeding:

- Between periods

- After or during sex

- At any time if you are post-menopausal

- Vaginal discharge with an unpleasant smell

- Discomfort or pain during sex itself

Screenings like the cervical smear tests should be done annually. This should be noted as the risks of having sexual intercourse. In short, when you start having sexual intercourse, check yourself for these smear tests. What this cervical smear test does is screen for abnormalities of the cervix, often identifying abnormalities caused by the 'HPV' (a virus that causes cervical cancer). There are two types of smear tests. The first being the "glass side"; which is the most common and 'ThinPrep Pap Test'.

Note that post-menopausal women still need to undergo smear tests. However, pap tests are not designed to detect 'HPV' but can identify changes due to the 'HPV' infections. A separate test, the 'HPV' test can be used to test for 'HPV' virus itself.

Causes and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer attacks the cervix or cervical region caused by a viral infection of HPV (human papillomavirus) which did not recover in time. If the immune system decreases, the HPV infection will dangerous and can lead to cervical cancer.

The symptoms are not too visible at an early stage, that's why the beginning of cervical cancer HPV infection is considered as "The Silent Killer".

Some symptoms can be observed although not always an indication of HPV infection. Whitish or spend a bit of blood after intercourse is little sign of symptoms of this cancer. In addition, the foul-smelling yellowish fluid in the genital area can also be an indication of HPV infection. This virus can be transmitted from one patient to another and infect the person. Can be transmitted through direct contact and by sexual intercourse.

When there is this virus in a person's hand, then touching the genitals, the virus will move and can infect the cervical region or neck of your womb. Other modes of transmission are in the closet in a public toilet which has been contaminated by the virus. A cancer patient may use a closet, the HPV virus in patients who have moved into the closet. If you use it without cleaning it, it could be a virus and then switch to your genital area. Poor lifestyle a person can become supporting the increasing number of patients with this cancer. Smoking habits, consuming less vitamin C, vitamin E and folic acid may be the cause. If the consume nutritious foods will make the immune system can ward off increases and the HPV virus.

The risk of cervical cancer are women who have sex active since a very early age, which often change sex partners, or who have sex with men who like to switch pairs. Another factor is the use of oral contraceptives for long periods or was from families who have a history of cancer. Often, men who showed no symptoms of HPV infection that are spread to their partners. A man who had sex with a woman, who suffered from cervical cancer, will be the media of these virus carriers. Furthermore, when this man to have sex with his wife, the virus was able to move to his wife and to be infected.

Cervical Cancer Symptoms

Cervical cancer is one of the more insidious types of cancer because there may seem to be no symptoms of the disease or the symptoms may appear only once the disease has become well-established in the woman's body. This makes regular health checks all the more important and a Pap smear test on an annual basis essential for all women. Safety first is an excellent motto.

And another of the nasty aspects of cancer is that symptoms for other problems such as ovulation or pre-menstrual pains are common for many women. These pains may mask the symptoms of cervical cancer.

But while there may not be obvious symptoms, there are signs which suggest the disease is present. These signs include one or more of the following:

o Heavy or light vaginal bleeding during the month is a possible symptom of cervical cancer

o Pelvic pain which is not a part of the normal menstrual cycle pain. The pain can range from short, sharp suffering to a prolonged dull ache. The suffering can range in intensity from mild to severe.

o Pain when urinating. This in patients often means the cancer has spread to the bladder hence the distress when urinating.

o Abnormal vaginal discharge which take the form of a watery substance, mucus, which may be thick and/or smell foul. The type of discharge can vary widely because every woman and every cervical cancer is different.

o Bleeding at times in-between regular menstrual bleeding. This may occur after sexual intercourse, from douching or from a pelvic examination. A cervix which has cancer will be irritated by certain things such as those mentioned and will often bleed as a consequence of this activity.

It is important that any of the above symptoms are also found with other problems and do not mean that the woman concerned does in fact have cervical cancer. However, the point cannot be made strongly enough that there is a vital need to see a doctor as soon as possible should these symptoms appear. It is not unusual for a woman to experience a change in color of her urine, to find herself seriously fatigued seemingly without reason and to experience pain after sexual intercourse. While such symptoms are common for those diagnosed with cervical cancer, it is possible these symptoms are the result of non-cancerous problems.

Many women will talk about 'knowing their bodies'. They believe they have an innate sense of when something is wrong. Some women diagnosed with cervical cancer believe they felt something was wrong even before they were given the medical diagnosis.

So it is true there are many symptoms suggesting a woman has cervical cancer. But unfortunately it is possible to contract the disease and not have any obvious symptoms at all for some time. The best advice is to report to your doctor as soon as possible any abnormal pain, discharge or bleeding and to have a Pap test on a regular basis.

Controversy About the Vaccine Against HPV (Genital Warts) And Cervical Cancer

There is much excitement in the scientific and medical community about the development of a vaccine against the virus that is the cause of cervical cancer. This vaccination for human papillomavirus (HPV), also known as genital warts, is also believed by many in the medical and scientific community to prevent future cervical cancer. While the vaccine is very effective against the virus associated with causing cervical cancer, long term studies are needed to confirm its effectiveness. It's one thing for parents to be aware the vaccination is being administered to guard against genital wart infection transmitted during sexual activity and is likely to reduce risk of cervical cancer. It's quite another to be told the vaccination is certain to guard against cervical cancer later in life. It's important to have the background information to make an informed decision about this vaccination.

The Journal of the American Medical Association presents follow up information on the risks of the vaccine against HPV(1). There is also a special communication(2) that discusses concerns about the way this vaccine was presented to the public by the manufacturer and professional medical associations.

The review of complications associated with the vaccine indicates that there may have been an increased risk of blood clots in the veins and fainting episodes. All other side effects, including 32 deaths after the vaccine, were considered to be consistent with what would happen to the general population without having received the vaccine.

Some of the issues discussed regarding the vaccine and its marketing and presentation were several fold:

• The vaccine is, thus far, believed to be safe and effective in preventing infection with the virus that is implicated in the development of cervical cancer.
• The vaccine was marketed by the manufacturer and professional medical associations as a vaccine to guard against cervical cancer as opposed to the primary target of HPV.
• There are no long term studies to confirm effectiveness in preventing cervical cancer.
• The vaccine was not directed to the highest risk population, where it would do the most good.
• Cervical cancer can be screened for effectively by Pap smears which can also prevent this disease.

One author also presented concern about the role of professional medical associations in promoting the vaccine due to their being supported by the manufacturer and possibly being influenced by this. The final editorial comment concludes with the following statement. "When weighing evidence about risks and benefits, it is also appropriate to ask who takes the risk, and who gets the benefit. Patients and the public logically expect that only medical and scientific evidence is put on the balance. If other matters weigh in, such as profit for a company or financial or professional gains for physicians or groups of physicians, the balance is easily skewed. The balance will also tilt if the adverse events are not calculated correctly." (3)

The decision to vaccinate or not vaccinate should be made with full informed consent between the patient or their guardian and their provider.

1. Postlicensure Safety Surveillance for Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine: Barbara A. Slade; Laura Leidel; Claudia Vellozzi; Emily Jane Woo; Wei Hua; Andrea Sutherland; Hector S. Izurieta; Robert Ball; Nancy Miller; M. Miles Braun; Lauri E. Markowitz; John Iskander: JAMA. 2009; 302(7):750-757.
2. Marketing HPV Vaccine: Implications for Adolescent Health and Medical Professionalism: Sheila M. Rothman; David J. Rothman: JAMA. 2009; 302(7):781-786
3. The Risks and Benefits of HPV Vaccination: Charlotte Haug: JAMA. 2009; 302(7):795-796.

Can HPV Warts Cause Cervical Cancer

Can HPV Warts Cause Cervical Cancer? This is a question often asked regarding the prevalence of HPV infections particularly genital warts. Human Papillomavirus infections have already outnumbered other forms of sexually transmitted diseases. Knowing that some forms of HPV cause this type of cancer and cases of HPV infections like genital and skin warts are increasing, and then we must know if HPV warts cause cervical cancer.

HPV are a group of many forms, they take more than 100 varieties and some of these varieties cause genital warts and skin warts, some harmless, and some more serious. The cause for concern today is that both of these ailments are caused by the Human Papillomavirus. Since both are caused by HPV, then probably warts can be a cause of cervical cancer. It is true that all warts or papillomas are caused by HPV, thus the name. However, with the different types of HPV, it has been studied that the HPV strain that causes warts is different from the one that causes genital warts.

Cervical cancer can be caused by a persisting HPV infection in the cervical region. If undetected and untreated this HPV infection can cause cell abnormalities amongst the surrounding cells and develop into cancer. However there is no scientific proof that these HPV infections are from regular warts or genital warts.

It is safe to say that HPV warts in any form can not possibly cause this cancer. But other forms of HPV infections particularly in the cervical region can be a probable cause of cervical cancer. Referring to the question again - can HPV warts cause cervical cancer? The answer is a no. There is no proof, there has been no case wherein HPV warts infected the cervical area and developed into this cancer. There are various types of HPV. Those types that cause warts are different from the types that cause cancer.

What Are the Symptoms of Cervical Cancer?

Cervical Cancer is the leading cancer that affects a feminine reproductive system. It is highly associated to a sexually transmitted infection called human papillomavirus (HPV). Various strains of this infection play a huge role in the occurrence of cervical cancer. The HPV virus is usually contained by the woman's immune system and does not easily cause harm. This is not the case in all women since in some the virus is able to withstand and start converting some normal cervical cells to cancer cells. The cervix which links the vagina and the uterus of a woman starts to develop atypical cells on its superficial layer also called the cervical dysplagia. When it is left untreated it spreads to other cells of the cervix. This is usually the beginning of a well dreaded disease by many. On a brighter note it is important to note that one can have a pap smear done and get vaccinated against cervical cancer.

There are several factors that increase chances of getting cervical cancer. Since HVP is sexually transmitted, most of these factors are sexual related and include having multiple sexual partners, having a partner with multiple partners, having sex at an early age and HIV/AIDs. Some nonsexual factors include smoking and taking some medications.

Early cervical cancer has no visible or describable symptoms but as it grows, one starts to note some observable symptoms. One of the major one includes abnormal bleeding. This abnormal bleeding may manifest itself in many different forms which include bleeding which occurs in between an ordinary menstrual cycle, bleeding after a sexual encounter, a pelvic examination or douching. It may also manifest itself in extremely long and very heavy menstrual cycle- heavier than a normal heavy bleeding. One may also experience menstrual-like bleeding when they have cervical cancer. Abnormal bleeding is its most recognizable symptoms and one should always consult a medical doctor as soon as one notices something abnormal about their bleeding.

Apart from abnormal bleeding, there are other possible ways that it may manifest itself which include increased virginal discharge and pain during intercourse and pain in the pelvic part of the body.

In its earlier stages, it can be treated through several methods. One who has symptoms of this form of cancer should see a medical professional for a pap smear or HPV test and other advanced tests will be done which includes coloscopsy and biopsy. The best way to control this disease is prevention. This means that ever woman should have a pap smear done within the first two years of sexual activity and should not wait later than 21 years of age. There are different methods of treating this cancer which include vaccination against HPV, LEEP process where electrical current is used in the elimination of abnormal cancerous cells or even cryosurgery which involves killing cancerous cells by freezing them. It is important that when you get any manifestations that are similar or close the above mentioned cervical cancer symptoms you should go to a qualified medical professional for instructions.

Cervical Cancer Statistics

It is normal to want to find out about the statistics of something, especially cancer, if you, a friend or a family member has been recently diagnosed. Well, the fact is, first of all, you, or that person, where not the only ones today to be diagnosed. In the United States alone, 11,150 women this year will be diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer. That is roughly 30 females a day, every day, for a year, in America alone.

In the United Kingdom, the statistics of diagnoses in 2003 where 24,105, which is double the American count in 2007. The following year, the number increased to 2,726, causing the UK to account for about 2% of all female cancers, and making Cervical Cancer specifically the twelfth most common cancer in women.

As far as death goes, in 2005, there were 1,061 deaths from Cervical Cancer in the UK. So out of the roughly 60 women who were diagnosed in one day, only 2 didn't make it, which is not bad. From 1955 to 1992 the death rate has dropped slowly from 74%. Women are going more regularly for Pap Smear tests, which reduces their chances of dying from cervical cancer. The earlier the cancer is discovered, the higher the rate of getting rid of it. Currently the death rate of cervical cancer is on 4%.

The chances are higher that you will be diagnosed during your midlife. About half of woman will be diagnosed between the ages of 35 and 55. Because, as women get older they don't realize that their risk of getting cervical cancer is still high, slightly over 20% of women over the age of 65 get diagnosed. In the UK, 91% of all cases of diagnosed Cervical Cancer are of women who are under the age of 45, the peak incidence being in the 25 to 29 age group.

The two factors that come into play when beating cancer are the stage of cancer they are at and the person's age. If the cancer is diagnosed in what is known as the pre-cancerous stage, which is when the abnormal cells of cancer are discovered, but haven't turned cancerous yet, almost every women will be treated and cured. Statistically, it is a 92%. From a medical viewpoint, this is called a "5 year survival rate". This doesn't mean that the women who were diagnosed lives for 5 years and then dies, but that the woman lives at least five years after their initial treatment.

Generally, if a person lives for 5 years without the cancer recurring, the chances of it coming back are very small. The overall statistic is that 7 out of 10 women will survive the 5 years. In low developing countries where Pap Smears are not regularly done; the survival rate can drop down to 40%

The one-year survival rate in the UK was just over 40% a decade ago. The five-year wasn't that much higher. In comparison, for women diagnosed in 2000, the odds have been increased by 20% to 60%. In the last 7 years, their chances have just been improving further.

Every year the statistics are getting better and compared to other cancers, cervical is becoming less and less of a concern as the general awareness of it grows. It might seem just another thing to do every year along with the local visit to your GP and the dentist, but the Pap Smear doesn't take that long. Especially it you consider you've the rest of your life as the reward for doing it.

Vaccine For HPV and Cervical Cancer?

Gardasil, the HPV vaccine...what is it all about? I am a pharmacist and get this question quite a bit.

So here is the scoop...   It was really made to be the cervical cancer vaccine because 99% of cervical cancer is linked to HPV.    The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that has a lot of different strains (i.e. HPV-1, HPV-2, etc.). Some HPV strains cause common warts on feet, hands, etc.   Then there are sexually transmitted HPV strains that cause genital and anal warts. Other STD HPV strains have been linked to different cancers (penile, rectal). Then even other STD HPV strains (there are a bunch!) have been linked to cancer of the cervix (these are called high risk strains).  

As I mentioned before, studies show that 99% of women with cervical cancer also have HPV.   However, not everyone with high risk HPV will get cervical cancer. Most cases of HPV (all strains) are cleared naturally by the body within 2 years.   

Sometimes the high risk HPV will stick around longer -for these women their risk for cervical cancer goes up.   However, they still may not get cervical cancer because high risk HPV plus some other things (which have not been figured out yet) together cause cervical cancer.    

It is like an equation: high risk HPV + X + Y = cervical cancer.  

So, the idea is if we can vaccinate for high risk HPV -we can take the HPV out of the equation and hopefully decrease the risk of getting cancer of the cervix.     In the States we now have Gardisil -the HPV vaccine that covers:

1.     Two high risk HPV strains that are responsible for 70% of all cervical cancer cases and   

2.     Two HPV strains that cause 90% of genital wart cases.  

The vaccine is relatively new -it was released in the States in 2006. Currently it is approved girls and women 9 to 26 years old and is given at a 3 shot series (given at 0, 2 month and 6 months).   Even with the vaccine, there is a risk to get high risk HPV because 1) it does not necessarily protect 100% and 2) it does not cover 30% of the strains of high risk HPV that can lead to cancer of the cervix.  

Common side effects include pain and swelling at injection site, headache, fever, fainting. More serious side effects include seizures, Guillain-Barre syndrome, severe allergic reaction and 17 deaths (although they were ruled as not related).  

So...does it work?  Well, for now the studies show that it works very well to prevent genital warts and abnormal pap smears. But because it is so new, there are a few issues to be worked out...

1.     Studies show that the 3 part vaccine will protect for at least 5 years -it is not known yet if the girls/women will need a booster shot later

2.     It is assumed that because the vaccine decreased abnormal pap smears that it will lessen cases of cervical cancer too -however because cancer of the cervix usually takes at least 10 years to show up after being infected with high risk HPV and it is still relatively early in the test girls/women, it is not yet proven.

Health Insurance That Covers Cervical Cancer

Cervical Cancer is the third most common cancer of the female reproductive system. It's classified as either pre-invasive or invasive. Pre-invasive cancer ranges from minimal cervical dysplasia, in which the lower third of the epithelium contains abnormal cells, to carcinoma in situ, in which the full thickness of epithelium contains abnormally proliferating cells. If left untreated in may progress to invasive cervical cancer, depending on the form. In invasive disease, cancer cells penetrate the basement membrane and can spread directly to contiguous pelvic structures or disseminate to distant sites by way of lymphatic routes. In most cases the histological type is squamous cell carcinoma, which varies from well differentiated cells to highly anaplastic spindle cells.

When covered under a managed care health insurance plan certain preventative treatment may be tested for to detect and terminate the progression of cancer if treated early. Such testing may include certain diagnostic procedures such as a Papanicolaou test more commonly known as a Pap smear to identify abnormal cells, and a colposcopy which determines the source of abnormal cells evidenced on the Pap test. There is also the Cone biopsy which is performed if endocervical curettage is positive. Another useful test is known as the Vira/Pap test which is used to permit examination of the specimens deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure to detect Human Papiloma Virus a predicator to cancer cells. Additional studies such as a lymphangiography, cystography, and major organ and bone scans, can detect metastasis.

But What Do You Do If You Have No Insurance And Have Cervical Cancer?

There are a few organizations that can help or provide financial assistance if you have been diagnosed with Cervical Cancer. First try contacting the American Cancer Society a non profit enterprise funded through donor volunteer groups. Second try contacting The Angel Network a private equity fund sponsored by Oprah Winfrey dedicated to assisting individuals diagnosed with the debilitating disease. Finally there are some insurance companies that will provide health insurance, however there is usually a limited open enrollment period for acceptance of an application.

We Can Help.

If you are diagnosed with Cervical Cancer you will need financial assistance to compensate the medical facilities for a multitude of expenses. Acute clinical staging will determine the type of treatment. Pre-invasive lesions may be treated with total excisional biopsy, cryosurgery, laser destruction, conization and sometimes even a hysterectomy costing thousands. Therapy for invasive squamous cell carcinoma may include radical hysterectomy and radiation therapy requiring additional out of pocket expenditures. Pelvic exenteration might also be performed for recurrent cervical cancer.

Complications of the surgery itself can run up more charges because of bladder dysfunction, formation of lymphocytes or seromas after lymphadenctomy, and pulmonary embolism. Other possible complications to be considered in cost are the radiation therapy itself. When it is all said and done the cost of treating a single case of localized (early stage) cervical cancer can average anywhere from $25,000.00 to $35,000.00 dollars and while the cost of treating a single case of distant (later stage) cervical cancer can range anywhere from $40,000.00 to $50,000.00 dollars so you will definitely need help.

Cervical Cancer - Causes and Treatment

Cervical cancer is a malignancy that develops in the lining of the cervix. It can take many years for it to develop, but during this development stage, the cell structure of the lining wall will display abnormal changes. These abnormal changes occur internally in the body and do not present any outward symptoms compared to other forms of cancer

Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer and the main cause of cancer deaths in women after breast cancer. The main cause of the disease is the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV), meaning that this is a preventable form of cancer.

How to detect cervical cancer

Pap smear screening can detect potentially precancerous changes. Therefore regular tests are important and are recommended. The introduction of Pap smears as screening tools about 50 years ago has significantly reduced the number of deaths due to this type of cancer.

Possible causes

While it may not be possible to pinpoint with accuracy the causes of cervical cancer, the following are possible risk factors:

• Having several sexual partners
• Consuming oral contraceptives (the Pill)
• Smoking: Women smokers are more than 10 times likely to get cervical cancer than women who do not smoke
• A weak immune system

Treatment

Preventing the disease in the first place is crucial. There are now vaccines available that target several strains of HPV to prevent the infection. Once diagnosed, treatment for cervical cancer differs according to stage, age and tumor size. The options include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy or a combination of all three.

Pap smear

A Pap smear involves the removal of tissue cells from the cervix. These tissues are then examined under the microscope for changes that might determine cancer or precancerous states. Since a Pap smear can identify both cancerous as well as precancerous states of cervical cells, it is important for women who are sexually active to do a Pap smear annually.

The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends a first Pap test within three years of having sexual activity or by age 21, followed by a Pap test every 1-2 years after that. An annual Pap test is also recommended if you have risk factors for cervical cancer.

Is Cervical Cancer The Real Threat We've Been Led To Believe?

With the vast amount of media attention given to cervical cancer since the introduction of the new HPV (Human Papillomavirus) vaccines, any female or parent could certainly be forgiven for believing that the risk of cervical cancer is a serious health threat to the female population.

But exactly how serious is the risk, and what percentage of the population is actually affected?

Consider these facts. Cervical cancer only represents a small proportion of all cancer diagnoses and deaths each year. For example, according to the American Cancer Society, American women are 16 times more likely to develop breast cancer than cervical cancer. And once diagnosed, they are 11 times more likely to die from breast cancer than they are from cervical cancer.

To put this in terms of real numbers, U.S.A. estimates for 2007 indicated that of the 11,150 that were likely to be diagnosed of cervical cancer, 3670 were estimated to die. This equates to an approximate risk of 1 in 100,000 (U.S.A. population) chance of being diagnosed with cervical cancer, and an approximate 1 in 1,000,000 (U.S.A.) population chance of actually dying from the disease.

The question every female and every parent or caregiver of young daughters / females must ask themselves is this:

• Does this kind of risk warrant a mass recommendation (and in some cases - mandating) of a new drug or medical procedure onto such large sections of the (female) population so soon after its introduction onto the market, - given that the drug or medical procedure itself carries its own risk and potential complications (both in the short and long term), and given that prior to its public introduction, a drug's testing is limited to a clinical trial setting?

The truth is this.

While the risk of cervical cancer has been highlighted (and many would believe - exaggerated) in recent campaigns throughout the world, the fact is that the serious risks associated with the 2 new HPV vaccines said to provide protection against this disease - (Gardasil and Cervarix) - have been seriously down-played, overlooked or deliberately side-stepped.

The introduction of these new vaccines raises many more questions than it answers. Simply put, anyone considering either of these vaccines should be thoroughly aware of the actual risk of cervical cancer, before consenting to a procedure that in itself has been associated with risks and outcomes even more tragic and permanent than an actual cervical cancer diagnosis.

Circumcision And Cervical Cancer

The bad news about cervical cancer is that it is one of the most common cancers affecting the female reproductive organs. But cheer up! It's a slow-growing cancer and 100 percent curable if detected early.

Cervical cancer usually affects women between 30 and 55 years old. The National Cancer Institute said there are over 11,000 cases discovered every year.

Who gets cervical cancer? Naturally, any woman with a cervix is prone to the disease, but there are certain risk factors to consider. Sexual promiscuity is one of them.

Women who begin having sex before age 18 are more likely to get the disease. The cervix simply can't stand numerous penile thrusts from different men who may carry a variety of infections. These include the papilloma virus (which is responsible for warts), genital herpes, the chlamydia organism, and other cancer-causing agents.

It you have had many pregnancies which started at a tender age, that puts you at risk for cervical cancer as well. On a positive side, women who use barrier methods of contraception, namely, the cervical cap, diaphragm, or let their partners wear a condom, which in all cases protect the cervix, have a lower cancer rate.

For some reason, smoking affects the cervix and the nicotine buildup in that organ can trigger the disease. Passive smokers face the same risk. So stop smoking now and avoid those who do. A diet rich in beta-carotene, vitamin C, and folacin is believed to be protective against cervical cancer. So it's probably wise to eat your veggies.

Circumcision was once thought to protect women from cervical cancer but we now know that this is not true. This painful procedure has no medical benefit and should be discouraged except in special cases.

There are usually no symptoms in the early stage of the disease. Warning signals include bleeding after intercourse, bleeding between periods or after menopause. In some, there is a watery, bloody discharge from the vagina. A dull backache may be felt later.

With early detection, cervical cancer is highly curable provided it has not spread beyond the uterus. A yearly pelvic exam and a routine Pap test can save you a lot of trouble.

Since the 1940s, the Pap smear has reduced cervical cancer death rates by 70 percent. Today, only about three percent of women die from the disease thanks to this valuable test.

"A Pap smear is the best screening procedure for cervical cancer. It can detect early lesions as well as pre-malignant lesions of the cervix. Aside from that, a Pap smear can also detect infection," according to Dr. Rey de los Reyes, an obstetrician and gynecologist at the United Doctors Medical Center in the Philippines.

The Pap smear is named after Dr. G.N. Papanicolaou who developed it. In this test, the doctor gathers cell samples from the surface of the cervix by means of scraping it with a wooden spatula, brush, or cotton swab. The cell samples are sent to a laboratory for analysis.

"A negative result means that your cervix is normal; positive result indicates some abnormal cells. A positive result does not prove that you have cancer or even dysplasia, a precancerous condition, but it usually does mean you should have further evaluation, such as colposcopic examination and biopsy,'' said Dr. David E. Larson, editor-in-chief of the "Mayo Clinic Family Health Book."

A colposcope is an instrument with a magnifying lens which helps the physician examine the cervix. While doing so, he removes a bit of the cervix (biopsy) for analysis.

"Once you have a suspicious lesion on the cervix that should be biopsied. Since some lesions of the cervix and even an infection can look like cervical cancer, a biopsy can accurately detect the disease," De los Reyes said. (Next: When should you have a Pap test?)

What is Cervical Cancer?

Do you know much about cervical cancer? Have you ever thought that you might be at risk? Well, you are not alone in your thinking. Women around the world do not realise that they are at risk. The facts are that cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women aged between 15 and 44 years. In the UK, alone, there are about 2800 new cases of cervical cancer every year and about 1100 deaths; this means that on average 21 women die each week from cervical cancer, yearly. Getting educated, finding more information and ensuring your personal health is your responsibility, make sure you take care and use the information provided to you to maintain a healthy body and a healthy life.

These shocking statistics and facts will show that many people are ignorant to cervical cancer; if more was known about this common, lethal disease the statistics would not be so shocking. This is because cervical cancer is treatable if caught early. Prevention is the best method to ensure this cancer never affects you; regular cervical screening and early detection are the best preventative methods. You may wonder why regular screening is necessary: the fact is that a virus called human papillomavirus nearly always causes cervical cancer, and most women will be exposed to this virus in their life. Another shocking statistic is that up to 80% of sexually active women will have an infection in their lifetime. Most of these infections are cleared and fought by the body's immune system, and you will not notice any symptoms.

Looking at the facts, and taking into consideration that up to 80% of sexually active women are at risk, all women should take precautionary measures to ensure optimum health. Preventative measures are simple: getting expert advice from your doctor or local family planning centre will help you take the first steps to prevention of cervical cancer. Depending on your risk factors, your doctor will inform you how often you need to have a smear test (cervical screening test).

If you think that you are not at risk, because you use a condom, the facts remain that condoms will not always protect you from picking up the human papillomavirus. Women can have been exposed to the virus many years before the virus creates abnormal cells, leading to cervical cancer. We recommend that you do not risk your health and your life by taking risky chances. There are many good websites on the internet, where you can find more information, or you can talk to your health-provider. Make sure you do not become a statistic, educate yourself about cervical cancer and live a long and healthy life.

Cervical Cancer Symptoms: What You Need To Know

The cervix is part of a woman's reproductive system. Doctors cannot explain why some women develop cervical cancer while others do not. What we do know is that there are risk factors which make some women more vulnerable, to develop cervical cancer, than others.

These risk factors increase the possibility of developing cervical cancer and they may act together to increase the risk even more.

HPV (Human Papilloma Viruses) is the most significant risk factor for cervical cancer. The HP Viruses affect the cervix directly and can be passed from person to person through sexual contact. In fact, most adults have been infected with HPVs at some time in their lives.

The HPV viruses can cause changes to our body cells which is why various problems including cervical cancer can occur.

I will be brief and present the most worth mentioning Cervical Cancer Symptoms. It is very importand to know that most of the cervical cancer symptoms may not cause any kind of pain.

So don't wait to feel pain before seeing a doctor or performing the regular tests (e.g. pap test)

Women with Cervical Cancer may notice some of the following symptoms:

- Abnormal Vagina Bleeding

-- Bleeding between regular menstrual periods

-- Bleeding after sexual contact.

-- Bleeding during menstrual periods that last longer

-- Bleeding after menopause

- Increased Vaginal discharge

- Pelvic Pain

- Pain During Sexual Intercourse

These symptoms may be caused by other health problems, not just cervical cancer. Only a doctor can tell for sure.

Women should pay a visit to their doctor as soon as they notice such symptoms. The doctor can and will diagnose and treat the symptom accordingly. Again, it's importand to perform regular tests and visit your doctor every now and then.

Cervical Cancer Test for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a disease that usually affects women with ages 40 and above. The primary cause of this disease in general is caused by HPV or Human papilloma virus which is transmitted and communicated from sexual contact. This disease can last for a long period of time, years maybe and leads to cancerous cervix cells. In order to treat the cancer as early as possible, it should be detected through cervical cancer test.

Early detection of cancer can prevent it from getting severe. This is advisable so that patients suffering from this disease can treat the cancer and prevent it from spreading all throughout the body. Some cervical cancer tests to undergo are:

• Pap smear test. One of the best ways of detecting this cancer is to undergo pap smear cancer screening test. This common test is also known as Pap test. This is usually a cervical cancer test used to identify cervical cancer in its early stage. This is done by collecting cervical cells then it is smeared on a glass side in order to screen precancerous or cancerous cells.

• HPV test. Another method of testing is HPV testing and typing. HPV DNA test detects the existence of the most common high-risk HPV types; however, it does not determine the specific type. HPV test is also recommended by The American College of Obstetrician and Gynecologists that woman ages 30 and above should undergo such test.

• Diagnostic tests such as Colposcopy and Biopsy. Colposcopy is a follow up test placing a vinegar-like solution on the cervix, and use a bright light to examine the closely the cervix. Biopsy is done if there are irregularities found on the cervix. This test is the only test that will tell and prove whether the abnormal cells are precancerous, cancerous or reactive.

Just like any cancer, the earlier this cancer is detected and treated, the bigger chance of getting rid of it for good. Do not be afraid of taking and undergoing cervical cancer tests because these tests might be the only way for survival. If you have observed or felt something unusual with yourself, don't hesitate to visit your doctor for a check up to see if there is something wrong with you. Live a healthy lifestyle in order to prevent any diseases such as cancer. Nourish your body with healthy foods like fruits and vegetables and live a cancer free life.

The Cervical Cancer Health Check

If you are a female, it is absolutely imperative to ensure that you undergo a cervical cancer health check on a regular basis. This cancer has been established as the easiest in terms of prevention. Unfortunately, if you do not have regular screens performed, it could turn into one of the most deadly.

Medical professionals and researchers have established that if a pap test or a HPV test is conducted on a regular basis, cervical cancer may be prevented. In many instances, this type of cancer may be detected early enough to be treated and resolved successfully.

When Should a Health Check Be Performed?

If you are a female, it is important to know and understand when to have a cervical cancer health check performed. It is ideal to have a pap test within the first three year period after becoming sexually active. If you have not yet had a pap test by the age of twenty one, this should be performed.

If you have a pap test performed and receive word that it was abnormal, you should start having HPV tests performed on a regular basis. If you find that your pap tests are normal, you should start having the HPV test performed by age thirty.

On the most part, if you are showing clear and normal results by age thirty, your chances of developing cervical cancer is drastically reduced. However, if you have more than one sex partner or a member of your family has had cervical cancer, it is important to ensure that you continue to get screened regularly.

Preparing for a Cervical Cancer Health Check

In order to receive the most accurate results in a cervical cancer health check, it is important to understand the strategies involved in preparing for the test. First, you will want to avoid doing certain things within forty hours of the examination. You should avoid using any type of douche or internal feminine cleansing product, avoid using tampons during your menstrual cycle, and avoid using birth control measures such as foams, lubricants, and creams.

In addition to this, you should avoid having sex. It is also important to avoid utilizing medications in and/or around the vagina. All of these activities may affect the results of your pap test to one degree or another. If you follow these tips, your doctor will be able to provide you with accurate medical information related to your reproductive health.

Are you At Risk for Cervical Cancer?

While many women know and understand that a cervical cancer health check is important, many women do not know whether or not they are at risk for developing this form of cancer. You should understand that this cancer is caused by a virus. The specific virus is referred to by medical professionals as the "Human Papillomavirus" or "HPV". This virus is common, and it is passed from one individual to another during the course of sexual activity.

If left untreated, this could result in cancer. There are other viruses that result in the development of cervical cancer as well. This is especially true if the virus weakens the immunity. Take the steps that are necessary to prevent and detect cancer early today, such as a cervical cancer health check, and you will avoid many health complications in the future.

Overview of Cervical Cancer Stages and Their Treatment

Cervical cancer is a type of malignancy that occurs in women. Women at higher risk for cancer of the uterine cervix are those who begin sexual intercourse at an early stage, those who have multiple sex partners, history of multiple pregnancies, develop cervical dysplasia or sexual relations with high risk males. Studies suggest that during adolescence, cervical epithelial cells are particularly sensitive to carcinogenic change.

Cervical cancer is classified and treated according to four cervical cancer stages of differentiation. Stage one is characterized as growth limited only to the cervix. When growth extends beyond the cervix, it is already considered as stage two. It is classified as stage three once the growth has extended into the pelvic wall. Lastly, if the growth has extended to adjacent organs then it has already reached the fourth stage.

Patients with cancer of the cervix may present with symptomatic or asymptomatic disease. Symptoms indicative of early stages of cervical cancer are prolonged menstrual periods, watery vaginal discharge and slight intermenstrual vaginal bleeding after coitus, travel or exertion. These findings may be present for months before additional irregularities occur. As the lesion becomes more extensive, symptoms are more pronounced. Hemorrhage occurs with advanced infiltrative tumors.

The first symptoms produced by the tumor after menopause is usually alarming because they are unexpected. Consequently the patient usually promptly seeks attention. However, if the symptoms begin two to three years after menopause, the patient may think that menstruation has resumed and will delay seeking medical attention.

In later stages, a serosanguinous or yellowish vaginal discharge may be present. It is often foul-smelling due to the sloughing of epithelium and may be associated with profuse bleeding. Pain in the lumbosacral area is usually a late sign and occurs with lymph node involvement. Urinary and rectal symptoms may appear when advanced local disease has invaded the bladder and rectum.

Treatment of cervical cancer is determined by the clinical findings, stage of disease, overall condition of the patient, and whether she wishes to preserve the reproductive mechanism. The treatment of preinvasive lesions can consist of cryotherapy, electrocautery, laser therapy, or conization. For the first level of cervical cancer stages, carcinoma can be conservatively managed by cervical conization, vaginal radiation therapy, and laser treatment. Patients who are conservatively managed should be closely evaluated at least yearly for further appearance of cancer.

Either surgery or radiation therapy are used for stages 1 and 2. Radiation therapy may be used alone for stages 2 and 3. For stage 4, pelvic exenteration may be performed. In advanced tumors in stages 3 and 4, external radiation therapy may be beneficial. External, internal and interstitial radiation therapy may be used. Systemic chemotherapeutics or regional chemotherapeutics are also treatments for cervical cancer.

The earlier the stage at which cancer is diagnosed means a better the prognosis. Preinvasive cancer commonly is diagnosed in women 30 to 40 years of age. Most patients with invasive carcinoma are 40 to 50 years old. Thus, 5 to 10 years are required for the chance to penetrate the basement membrane and become invasive. After invasion, death usually occurs in 3 to 5 years in the untreated patient. That is why to prevent any complications, watch out for early signs of cervical cancer.

The Relation Between Cervical Cancer and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

In a survey in U.S.A it was found that 40% of the women in the nation had clue or some kind of idea about the HPV (human papilloma virus). The rest were ignorant. This situation is alarming. Cancer is a term with which most people are familiar. But, how viruses that are transmitted through sexual contact are responsible for cancer is still unknown. Mainly women should be more aware and observe caution as they are at higher risk, when talking about cancer. Cervical cancer is one of the terrible results of sexually transmitted diseases.

Cervical cancer is a disease affecting women of the age group 9- 26 mainly. It starts by infecting the squamous epithelial tissues of the cervix of human female genitalia. In its extreme form it gets so large that it blocks the lower uterus segment. The lesions take a huge form. Unlike other sexually transmitted diseases cervical cancer can be caused due to many other factors. Smoking being one of the other factors, carcinogenic properties of tobacco can accelerate the formation of cancer in cervical area in women. Nutrition among women plays a significant role in prevention of cancer.

Consumption of some vegetable and fruits can weaken the factors that influence the disease. A lack of vitamin A can trigger the chances of cervical dysplasia. However, Vitamin A plays no role in reducing the chances to get infected by the HPV. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), vitamin E (Tocopherol), Folic acid, Carotenoids and CoQ10 on the other hand reduce the chances of being infected by the human papilloma virus.

Though less dangerous than endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer, it is still the 5th most dangerous cancer in women and 8th most dangerous cancer in U.S.A. In the year 2005 Australia exhibited 734 cases of cervical cancer. In U.K. it is considered the 12th most dangerous disease of the nation.

Judging by the initial scenario, cervical cancer was a disease that usually victimized the sex workers. Cervical cancer was earlier spread though sexual contact mainly. It was something absolutely rare among people who practiced celibacy. Since it was sexually transmitted, it was found to affect women who got married to men whose first wives died out of cervical cancer. After discovering a link between RPV (Rabbit papilloma virus) and skin cancer in rabbits, it was suspected for the first time that an agent that was being transmitted sexually, was responsible for the cervical cancer in women. This discovery was made in 1935. Not before 1980 did human papilloma virus catch attention.

The best and safest methods of preventing cervical cancer are therefore, avoiding consumption of carcinogenic food and abstinence from sex when the previous sexual life of your partner is not known.

Ignorance of Cervical Cancer is No Excuse

The HPV virus info is plain. An estimated 80% occurrence of anal cancer is associated with those who have HPV. Other links of HPV with cancer are those of tongue and tonsil cancer, and non-melanoma skin cancers in those persons who have compromised immune systems. 200,000 infants and children are diagnosed with papillomatosis which is a respiratory infection linked to HPV types 6 and 11.

But the most devastating statistic is that HPV causes 100% of all the cervical cancers. HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35 are associated with cervical cancer. These high-risk viruses and are also linked to bladder, anus, and vulva cancer. 200,000 infants and children are diagnosed with papillomatosis, a respiratory infection linked with HPV types 6 and 11.

Although it is harder to diagnose the HPV virus in men as it is in females, males can also have HPV associated cancers as commonly as those found in women. Men contract the virus during sexual contact with an infected woman's vagina or anal area. Certain HPV viruses are known to have caused anal or penile cancers in men, although penile cancer is rare. Anal cancer rates connected with the HPV virus, as previously stated, are not rare at all.

Cervical dysplasia, while not cervical cancer, can indicate it's predecessor condition. Dysplasia most frequently goes through a regression over time, but can progress to invasive cervical cancer. Precisely why it regresses or progresses is unknown at this time. What is known is that women between the ages of 25 and 34 often have the regression, while women age fifty and older will progress to the invasive cancer of the cervix.

Prognosis for invasive cervical cancer depends on the disease's extent at time of diagnosis. Death rates for cervical cancer are high due; roughly 1/3 of women do not go for regular yearly Pap smears. Ignorance is no excuse to this virus.

Regular yearly Pap smears give women a better chance of diagnosing cervical cancer early enough to have a healthy outcome. Statistics tell us that up to 90% of cervical cancer deaths could have been avoided if earlier detection during Pap smears had occurred.

Causes of Cervical Cancer and Effective Treatments

The recent, high profile death of Jade Goody, a star of British reality TV, from cervical cancer,  has increased public awareness of this deadly disease.

Cervical cancer takes the lives of approximately 253,500 women, worldwide, each year, according to the National Cervical Cancer Coalition (NCCC). This threat has lead to a concerted  research effort into the causes of cervical cancer, and effective treatments, during the last few years.

Researchers have found that a virus called Human Papillomavirus (HPV) triggers at least 70% of cervical cancers. Following this discovery, they have developed a vaccine that they claim protects girls, between the ages of 11 and 26, from two widespread strains of HPV.

In addition, while not actually considered causes of cervical cancer, there are factors which increase the risk of getting the disease. These risk factors include:

• Long term use of birth control pills: Use of birth control pills for more than 4 years may increase the risk of cervical cancer among women with HPV infection.
• No regular testing: Cervical cancer is more common among women who don't have regular Pap tests.
• HPV infection: An HPV infection that is not completely eliminated may cause cervical cancer in some women.  Since these viruses are transmitted through sexual contact, the risk of getting HPV infection increases with the number of sexual partners.
• Smoking: Smoking tobacco increases the risk of cervical cancer among women infected with HPV.
• Weakened immune system: Infection with HIV, or the use of drugs that suppress the immune system, increases the risk of cervical cancer.

Knowing the causes of cervical cancer, and the risk factors, can help prevent women from getting the disease.

However, when a woman has been diagnosed with cervical cancer, she faces a very difficult decision. Which treatment is the most effective? Which treatment should she choose?

Cancer treatment is a very controversial subject, as soon as one ventures outside the sphere of mainstream medical authority into the field of alternative medicine. There are very good reasons for this heated controversy. In its simplest terms, the conflict is between freedom of information and self interest (profit).

Healthcare is a trillion dollar a year industry in the US alone. Cancer treatment accounted for an estimated revenue of $72.1 billion, in 2004, according to the National Cancer Institute. It is naive to hope that such a profitable industry will put the interests of the public ahead of its own self interest.

In fact, according to a recent "60 Minutes" documentary, there are twice as many lobbyists working on behalf of the pharmaceutical industry as there are Congressmen. They are paid to solicit the support of law makers  for legislation that protects the interests of the drug manufacturers, and to discredit alternative cancer treatments, in the media.

Alternative treatments and demonstrated cures for cancer have been extensively documented during the past hundred of years. Unfortunately, much of this information has been suppressed, or deliberately discredited, because it poses a threat to those interests that profit from patented treatments.

While it is outside of the scope of this article to discuss specific alternative cancer treatments, here are some general guidelines that will help you discover valid information for your own personal education and research.

First, you must be willing to become your own authority. It is your health, and your life, after all, and you are entitled to make the final decision concerning the treatment you receive.The more information that you have access to, the better your position to make a truly informed choice.

Second, you must be willing to look beyond conventional, mainstream sources, if you truly intend to find the information that is being suppressed.

Third, you must allow the criteria for your choices to include anecdotal evidence because there will never be FDA approved, double blind studies in support of any treatment that cannot be patented, or administered, at substantial profit.

The rote answer to discredit effective alternative treatments of all kinds is, "There is no clinical evidence that proves it works." While this is true, it is also misleading. It does not mean that the treatment does not work. There is no clinical evidence because there has been no clinical testing, and there never will be, because most alternatives cannot be patented. Thus, there is no incentive to pay for clinical tests.

Anecdotal, first person accounts of successful, alternative cancer treatments can offer new choices and directions for you to explore. Substantiated research from more liberal countries can often support these testimonials, and assist in making informed decisions that can lead to successful healing, even of cancer.

The Cervical Cancer Health Check

If you are a female, it is absolutely imperative to ensure that you undergo a cervical cancer health check on a regular basis. This cancer has been established as the easiest in terms of prevention. Unfortunately, if you do not have regular screens performed, it could turn into one of the most deadly.

Medical professionals and researchers have established that if a pap test or a HPV test is conducted on a regular basis, cervical cancer may be prevented. In many instances, this type of cancer may be detected early enough to be treated and resolved successfully.

When Should a Health Check Be Performed?

If you are a female, it is important to know and understand when to have a cervical cancer health check performed. It is ideal to have a pap test within the first three year period after becoming sexually active. If you have not yet had a pap test by the age of twenty one, this should be performed.

If you have a pap test performed and receive word that it was abnormal, you should start having HPV tests performed on a regular basis. If you find that your pap tests are normal, you should start having the HPV test performed by age thirty.

On the most part, if you are showing clear and normal results by age thirty, your chances of developing cervical cancer is drastically reduced. However, if you have more than one sex partner or a member of your family has had cervical cancer, it is important to ensure that you continue to get screened regularly.

Preparing for a Cervical Cancer Health Check

In order to receive the most accurate results in a cervical cancer health check, it is important to understand the strategies involved in preparing for the test. First, you will want to avoid doing certain things within forty hours of the examination. You should avoid using any type of douche or internal feminine cleansing product, avoid using tampons during your menstrual cycle, and avoid using birth control measures such as foams, lubricants, and creams.

In addition to this, you should avoid having sex. It is also important to avoid utilizing medications in and/or around the vagina. All of these activities may affect the results of your pap test to one degree or another. If you follow these tips, your doctor will be able to provide you with accurate medical information related to your reproductive health.

Are you At Risk for Cervical Cancer?

While many women know and understand that a cervical cancer health check is important, many women do not know whether or not they are at risk for developing this form of cancer. You should understand that this cancer is caused by a virus. The specific virus is referred to by medical professionals as the "Human Papillomavirus" or "HPV". This virus is common, and it is passed from one individual to another during the course of sexual activity.

If left untreated, this could result in cancer. There are other viruses that result in the development of cervical cancer as well. This is especially true if the virus weakens the immunity. Take the steps that are necessary to prevent and detect cancer early today, such as a cervical cancer health check, and you will avoid many health complications in the future.

Natural Cervical Cancer Treatments

Invasive cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women and accounts of over 11 percent of all cancers around the world. Cervical cancer is the growth of malignant cells in the cervix, the narrow opening of the uterus. Cervical cancer develops slowly from a distinct precancerous stage (dysplasia). Cancer confined to the surface of the cervix is classified as preinvasive, while cancer that has spread into deeper layers or other organs is termed invasive. Symptoms may not appear until the cancer reaches the more dangerous invasive phase; however, with early diagnosis and treatment, long – term prognosis is extremely favorable.
Women who are sexually active, over age 18, or whose mothers took drugs DES during pregnancy should have a pap smear at least once a year. The cure, preinvasive cervical cancer may be treated by cauterization (burning away cancerous cells), cryosurgery (freezing and destroying cancerous cells) or laser surgery. Preinvasive cancers may also be totally removed during conization or with hysterectomy (removal of the cervix and uterus). Surgery for invasive cervical cancer is usually treated by radical hysterectomy; very severe cases may also require removal of the bladder and rectum. Radiation and chemotherapy may be used if cancer has spread throughout the uterus or to other organs.
Recommended dietary and nutritional factors for natural cervical cancer treatments
A diet low in fatty meats (especially pork), red meat, cheeses, and white bread, and high soy products, fruits, dark green vegetables, tomatoes, whole grains, and yogurt offers the best dietary protection. Shiitake mushrooms are also a good source of protection.
If you do not consume 3-5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily, you should take vitamin C (500-1,000 milligrams daily) E, A, and beta carotene (25,000-50,000 international units daily) in supplemental form. Folic acid, one of the B vitamins (400-800 micrograms daily), can not only aid in prevention, but it has been known to reverse precancerous changes in cervical cells. Shark cartilage may also be helpful in fighting or preventing cervical cancer.
More recommendations for natural cervical cancer treatments
Some people are combining the conventional and natural alternative therapy and they found it very powerful. Others say that natural alternative treatment alone is enough to deal with all diseases. But sometimes we have to be balance to our approach pertaining to prevention and treatment. Natural and alternative prevention and treatment are increasing and are now gaining respect in the medical world. The treatments are not only dealing with the effects but are treating the cause. That's why all of it is effective if applied properly. All alternative prevention and cure are non invasive and it's the highly recommended treatment by almost European doctors. But, this approach is suppressed in the U.S. Natural cervical cancer treatments as provided by the "cure within one minute for all diseases" has gain respect and prominence to a lot of people. The principle is so simple; studies showed that if you deprive a cell 35% of its required levels of oxygen for 2 to 3days, the cell would become cancerous. Almost all people don't know that lack of oxygen is not only the cause of cancer but is also the cause of most diseases and sickness. When the body is supplied and delivered with abundant amounts of oxygen, no cancer cells, viruses, harmful bacteria, toxins, pathogens and disease microorganisms can survive because they cannot survive in a highly oxygenated environment.

Cervical Cancer Symptoms Leg Pain

The previous involves taking action on the determinants of the illness to prevent it from occurring. Cervical Cancer Symptoms Leg PainThe second involves the early detection of disease, followed by acceptable interventions to stop its progression.
there has been substantial media PR about the prevention of cervical cancer during the past half a year. Almost all of it has focused on the human papilloma pathogen ( HPV ) vaccine, which has been called a cervical cancer vaccine, though there isn't any such vaccine available anywhere in the world.
Cervical smears have led to a steady decline in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in developed countries which have introduced population wide screening programmes.
Yet cervical smears have scarcely been discussed in the media target cervical cancer prevention. This is despite the indisputable fact that only 43% of Malaysian women have ever had a cervical smear in their lives ( national Health and Morbidity Survey 2006 ) although cervical cancer is the second most typical cancer in women ( countrywide Cancer Registry 2003 ). There is an overuse of cervical screening by ladies who are younger and/or who are at low risk.
The beginning of cervical cancer begins with changes in the squamocolumnar junction of the cervix where the flat squamous epithelium of the exocervix meets the columnar epithelium of the endocervix. The proportion of the cell nucleus to the cell size is increased in the epithelium in the pre-cancer phase of the illness.
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There is a correlation between the induction of these changes and HPV infection. The pre-cancer changes are called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ( CIN ). CIN is graded as mild ( CIN 1 ), moderate ( CIN two ) or harsh ( CIN 3 ). The CIN moves on from mild to moderate to dreadful illness and then invasive cancer over seven to twenty years. There are customarily no symptoms during this progression, which can be perceived by cervical smears.
Cervical cancer has a pre-cancerous phase lasting about 7 to 20 years before the standard cells change to cancer cells. As the danger factors of cervical cancer are known, behavioral interventions can be brought to prevent its development.
Regular pelvic exams and cervical smears would detect most pre-cancerous changes in the cervix. With treatment, the development of aggressive cancer would be stopped. Even if there's aggressive cancer present, it is going to be perceived at an early, curable stage.
The cervical smear is a screening test that uncovers pre-cancerous cells. This enables doctors to refer those with unnatural changes in the cervix for further inquiry and treatment. It must be emphasized that the cervical smear isn't a diagnostic test.
It involves taking a small sample of cells from the cervix using a brush or spatula. The cells are placed on a glass slide or into a container and sent to the lab for minute examination.
Cervical smears are recommended for all women, although if the woman hasn't had sex. The likelihood of cervical cancer in such girls is thought to be low, but it can still occur. Regular pelvic exams and Pap smears should be done once sexual activity starts. The frequency would rely on the findings and the woman's risk profile.
The use of cervical smears in widespread population screening in many developed nations has ended in a marked decrease in the incidence of cervical cancer. It's critical that patients and/or their mom and pop are informed the vaccines provide cover against certain HPV types and not cervical cancer.There are a couple of vaccines available. One vaccine acts against 4 HPV types and the other against 2. They prevent development of the HPV infection. As HPV infection is a big risk allow for the development of cervical pre-cancer, vaccination would forestall some of its development.
Behavioral interventions have an important role to play and they are comparatively economical. Yet they don't seem to be given the same press as that of HPV vaccines. The misconception of many patients and/or their mom and pop that HPV vaccines are the wizardry bullets to get shot of cervical cancer needs to be addressed by health messages that reflect the actuality of cervical cancer prevention.
In short, there needs to be bigger stress by policy makers and healthcare execs on the proven systems of cervical smears and behavioral interventions if there is to be any important impact on reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.

Hpv Vaccine and Cervical Cancer: is it Worth Vaccinating.?

Over the past two years, the O-N-E L-E-S-S campaign for Gardasil, the new HPV vaccine to protect against cervical cancer, has brought discussion about the human papilloma virus to the forefront, shining new light not only on the vaccine itself, but also on the issues that surround it.

HPV is ubiquitous. Nearly 50% of sexually active people will have HPV at some point in their lives. There are around 20 million people with HPV infections in the U.S., with 6.2 million new cases occurring every year. The most serious consequence of HPV infections is cervical cancer, yet public knowledge about HPV is poor -- less than 50% of women have heard about HPV and its link to cervical cancer.

It's crucial that the public gains more knowledge about HPV and cervical cancer, particularly in the present climate where the merits of the vaccine have been clouded by a political rhetoric. Information on the link between HPV and cervical cancer, how common the disease is and who gets it, detection methods, other effects of the disease, and the role and effectiveness of the vaccine have to be addressed. Examining these topics will help guide decisions as medical professionals recommend this vaccination to a whole generation of 11-12 year old girls, and perhaps boys in the future.

The relationship between HPV and cervical cancer: There are over 100 types of HPV. About 15 of them are "high-risk" types that cause cervical cancer. HPV infections are more common in the younger population, with nearly 75% occurring in the 15-25 age group. Most HPV infections are "silent" -- people who carry the virus don't  know they have it and transmit it freely to their sexual partners. The good news, however, is that most of these infections are self-limiting, meaning that nearly 90% of them resolve on their own within 24 months without causing any problems. In a minority of people, however, the infections persist, either as a result of high-risk sexual behavior (such as multiple partners and unprotected sex), or weakened immunity because of smoking, stress, and long term use of certain medications like steroids. These factors can propel HPV infections to cause precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix. Over 99% of cervical cancers are caused by HPV. HPV infections are necessary, but not sufficient on their own to cause cervical cancer.

Pap tests and cervical cancer: A Pap test detects early changes in the cells of the cervix due to HPV or other effects, which if left untreated, may progress to cervical cancer. Fortunately, due to a well organized Pap test program in the U.S., the incidence of cervical cancer has dropped by 75% over the past 50 years. Therefore, for women who get regular Pap smears, the incidence of cervical cancer is low. Currently in the U.S., about 11,000 new cases of cervical cancer develop each year, and around 4,000 deaths occur from it. Even though one would wish that there were no cases of cervical cancers to reckon with, when compared to the number of HPV infections that occur each year, the ratio between HPV infections to cervical cancer is low. According to the American Cancer Society, four out of five women who died of cervical cancer did not have a Pap test in the previous five years. These numbers show that the Pap smear has been very successful in curtailing the incidence of cervical cancer in this country.


Role of the HPV vaccines in preventing cervical cancer: There are now two HPV vaccines available worldwide to protect against two major types of cancer-causing HPV. Gardasil, manufactured by Merck, has been available in the U.S. since June 2006. Cervarix, manufactured by Glaxo Smith Kline, is planned to be introduced in the U.S in late 2008 or early 2009. Both vaccines target HPV types 16 and 18, which cause the majority of cervical cancers. HPV type 16 causes nearly 50% of cervical cancers and HPV type 18 causes about 20% of cervical cancers. Clinical trials have shown that both vaccines prevent 70% of cervical cancers with almost 100% effectiveness. However, this only true when the person has been vaccinated prior to exposure to the virus types 16 and 18. The efficacy of the vaccine drops once these virus types gain access to the body. This is why the CDC recommends administering the vaccine to young girls, ages 11-12, before their sexual debut to obtain maximum benefit.

Pap test versus HPV Vaccine: Both Pap tests and the HPV vaccine prevent cervical cancer, but they do so in different ways. The vaccines produce antibodies to fight against the HPV virus well before it can invade the cervix. Therefore the vaccine prevents the development of any HPV related pathology on the cervix. On the other hand, the Pap test, detects abnormal changes in the cervix as a result of HPV, many of which require follow up visits and procedures in order to prevent these abnormalities from progressing to cancer. Most people would agree that prevention is better than detection or treatment. Managing abnormal Pap smears alone costs $2-3 billion a year in this country. But as the vaccine only provides protection against 70% of cervical cancers, Pap tests should be continued to detect the remaining 30% of cervical cancers that are not covered by the vaccine. It is important to note that apart from cervical cancer prevention, the vaccine has also been found to be beneficial against many other HPV related diseases, and it could eventually help in reducing the medical and emotional toll that such diseases take on people.

Those most prone to cervical cancer in the United States are those groups of people who have no access to Pap smears or will not obtain them because of inadequate access either as a result of poor socio economic status, poor knowledge or cultural differences. These groups are overwhelmingly comprised of women from ethnic minorities and whites in the Appalachian regions. Therefore, education aimed at the public should not only include comprehensive cervical cancer prevention programs in layman's terms, but also should be culturally sensitive to meet the needs of people from various backgrounds. The HPV vaccine has the potential to save millions of young lives and families, but, unless it reaches the same group of women who are not obtaining their Pap smears today, it will miss out on keeping its "one less" promise both here at home and around the world.